sql语句oracle

‘壹’ oracle sql语句 分为哪些

Oracle SQL语句分类
SQL(Structured Query Language)即结构化查询语句，应用程序与数据库交互的接口
集数据操作、数据定义、数据控制等功能于一体
ANSI先后制定推出了SQL-89、SQL-92、SQL-99标准

oracle SQL 语句主要分为一下四类：

DML(Data Mannipulation Language)数据操纵语言：查询、操纵数据表资料行
SELECT : 检索数据库表或视图数据
INSERT : 将数据行新增至数据库表或视图中
UPDATE : 修改表或视图中现有的数据行
DELETE : 删除表或视图中现有的数据行
注意：DML语句不会自动提交事务！

DDL(Data Definition Language)数据定义语言：建立、修改、删除数据库中数据表对象
CREATE TABLE : 创建表
ALTER TABLE : 修改表
DROP TABLE : 删除表
注意：DLL语句会自动提交事务！所以：DML语句事务提交之前可以回滚，DDL语句不能回滚事务

DCL(Data Control Language)数据控制语言：用于执行权限授予与收回操作
GRANT : 给用户或角色授予权限
REVOKE : 收回用户或角色的所有权限

TCL(Transactional Control Language)事物控制语言：维护数据的一致性
COMMIT :提交已经进行的数据库改变
ROLLBACK : 回滚已经进行的数据改变
SAVEPOINT : 设置保存点，用于部分数据改变的取消

‘贰’ 数据库手册：Oracle维护常用SQL语句二

回滚段查看 select rownum sys dba_rollback_segs segment_name Name v$rollstat extentsExtents v$rollstat rssize Size_in_Bytes v$rollstat xacts XActs v$rollstat gets Gets v$rollstat waits Waits v$rollstat writes Writes sys dba_rollback_segs status status from v$rollstat sys dba_rollback_segs v$rollname where v$rollname name(+) = sys dba_rollback_segs segment_name andv$rollstat usn (+) = v$rollname usn order by rownum 耗资源的进程(top session) select s schemaname schema_name decode(sign( mand) to_char(mand) Action Code # || to_char(mand) ) action statussession_status s osuser os_user_name s sid p spid s serial# serial_num nvl(s username [Oracle process] ) user_name s terminal terminal s program program st value criteria_value from v$sesstat st v$session s v$process pwhere st sid = s sid and st statistic# = to_number( ) and ( ALL = ALL or s status = ALL ) and p addr = s paddr order by st value desc p spid asc s username asc s osuser asc 查看锁(lock)情况 select /*+ RULE */ ls osuser os_user_name ls username user_name decode(ls type RW Row wait enqueue lock TM DML enqueue lock TX Transaction enqueue lock UL User supplied lock ) lock_type o object_name object decode(ls lmode null Row Share Row Exclusive Share Share Row Exclusive Exclusive null)lock_mode o owner ls sid ls serial# serial_num ls id ls id from sys dba_objects o ( select s osuser s username l type l lmode s sid s serial# l id l id from v$session s v$lock l where s sid = l sid ) ls where o object_id = ls id and o owner<> SYS order by o owner o object_name 查看等待(wait)情况 SELECT v$waitstat class v$unt count SUM(v$sysstat value) sum_valueFROM v$waitstat v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat name IN ( db block gets consistent gets ) group by v$waitstat class v$unt 查看sga情况 SELECT NAME BYTES FROM SYS V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC 查看catched object SELECT owner name db_link namespace type sharable_mem loads executions locks pins kept FROM v$db_object_cache 查看V$SQLAREA SELECT SQL_TEXT SHARABLE_MEM PERSISTENT_MEM RUNTIME_MEM SORTS VERSION_COUNT LOADED_VERSIONS OPEN_VERSIONS USERS_OPENING EXECUTIONS USERS_EXECUTING LOADS FIRST_LOAD_TIME INVALIDATIONS PARSE_CALLS DISK_READS BUFFER_GETS ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA 查看object分类数量 select decode (o type# INDEX TABLE CLUSTER VIEW SYNONYM SEQUENCE OTHER ) object_type count(*) quantity fromsys obj$ o where o type# > group by decode (o type# INDEX TABLE CLUSTER VIEW SYNONYM SEQUENCE OTHER ) union select COLUMN count(*) from l$ union select DB LINK count(*) from 按用户查看object种类 select u name schema sum(decode(o type# NULL)) indexes sum(decode(o type# NULL)) tables sum(decode(o type# NULL))clusters sum(decode(o type# NULL)) views sum(decode(o type# NULL)) synonyms sum(decode(o type# NULL)) sequences sum(decode(o type# NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL NULL ))others from sys obj$ o sys user$ u where o type# >= and u user# =o owner# and u name <> PUBLIC group by u name order bysys link$ union select CONSTRAINT count(*) from n$ 有关connection的相关信息 )查看有哪些用户连接select s osuser os_user_name decode(sign( mand) to_char(mand) Action Code # || to_char(mand) ) action p program oracle_process status session_status s terminal terminal s program program s username user_name s fixed_table_sequence activity_meter query memory max_memory cpu_usage s sid s serial# serial_numfrom v$session s v$process p where s paddr=p addr and s type = USER order by s username s osuser )根据v sid查看对应连接的资源占用等情况select n name v value n class n statistic#from v$statname n v$sesstat vwhere v sid = andv statistic# = n statistic#order by n class n statistic# )根据sid查看对应连接正在运行的sqlselect /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */mand_type sql_text sharable_mem persistent_mem runtime_mem sorts version_count loaded_versions open_versions users_opening executions users_executing loads first_load_time invalidations parse_calls disk_reads buffer_gets rows_processed sysdate start_time sysdate finish_time > || address sql_address N statusfrom v$sqlareawhere address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = ) 查询表空间使用情况select a tablespace_name 表空间名称 round((nvl(b bytes_free )/a bytes_alloc)* ) 占用率(%) round(a bytes_alloc/ / ) 容量(M) round(nvl(b bytes_free )/ / ) 空闲(M) round((a bytes_alloc nvl(b bytes_free ))/ / ) 使用(M) Largest 最大扩展段(M) to_char(sysdate yyyy mm dd hh :mi:ss ) 采样时间 from (select f tablespace_name sum(f bytes) bytes_alloc sum(decode(f autoextensible YES f maxbytes NO f bytes)) maxbytesfrom dba_data_files fgroup by tablespace_name) a (select f tablespace_name sum(f bytes) bytes_freefrom dba_free_space fgroup by tablespace_name) b (select round(max(ff length)* / ) Largest ts name tablespace_namefrom sys fet$ ff sys file$ tf sys ts$ tswhere ts ts#=ff ts# and ff file#=tf relfile# and ts ts#=tf ts#group by ts name tf blocks) cwhere a tablespace_name = b tablespace_name and a tablespace_name = c tablespace_name 查询表空间的碎片程度 select tablespace_name count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_namehaving count(tablespace_name)> ;alter tablespace name coalesce;alter table name deallocate unused;create or replace view ts_blocks_v asselect tablespace_name block_id bytes blocks free space segment_name from dba_free_spaceunion allselect tablespace_name block_id bytes blocks s lishixin/Article/program/Oracle/201311/18531

‘叁’ Oracle sql语法

参考网上资料，整理Oracle sql语法：

DDL:

1、创建表

     create table tabname(col1 type1 [not null] [primary key],col2 type2 [not null],..)

     根据已有的表创建新表：

 create table tab_new as select col1,col2… from tab_old

2、删除表

     drop table tabname

3、重命名表

     说明：alter table 表名 rename to 新表名

        eg：alter table tablename rename to newtablename

4、增加字段

     说明：alter table 表名 add (字段名 字段类型 默认值 是否为空);

        例：alter table tablename add (ID int);

       eg：alter table tablename add (ID varchar2(30) default '空' not null);

5、修改字段

     说明：alter table 表名 modify (字段名 字段类型 默认值 是否为空);

        eg：alter table tablename modify (ID number(4));

6、重名字段

     说明：alter table 表名 rename column 列名 to 新列名 （其中：column是关键字）

        eg：alter table tablename rename column ID to newID;

7、删除字段

     说明：alter table 表名 drop column 字段名;

        eg：alter table tablename drop column ID;

8、添加主键

     alter table tabname add primary key(col)

9、删除主键

     alter table tabname drop primary key(col)

10、创建索引

     create [unique] index idxname on tabname(col….)

11、删除索引

     drop index idxname

     注：索引是不可更改的，想更改必须删除重新建。

12、创建视图

     create view viewname as select 语句

13、删除视图

     drop view viewname

14.    创建表空间

create tablespace schooltbs datafile ‘D:\oracle\datasource\schooltbs.dbf’ size 1000M autoextend on;

15.    删除表空间

drop tablespace schooltbs[including contents and datafiles];

注：查询表空间和表空间存储路径

SELECT * FROM dba_data_files WHERE tablespace_name = 表空间名;

DML:

1、数据查询

     select <列名> from <表名> [where <查询条件表达试>] [order by <排序的列名>[asc或desc]]

2、插入数据

     insert into 表名 values(所有列的值);

     insert into test values(1,'zhangsan',20);

     insert into 表名(列) values(对应的值);

     insert into test(id,name) values(2,'lisi');

3、更新数据

     update 表 set 列=新的值 [where 条件] -->更新满足条件的记录

     update test set name='zhangsan2' where name='zhangsan'

     update 表 set 列=新的值 -->更新所有的数据

     update test set age =20;

4、删除数据

delete from 表名 where 条件 -->删除满足条件的记录

     delete from test where id = 1;

     delete from test -->删除所有

     commit; -->提交数据

     rollback; -->回滚数据

     delete方式可以恢复删除的数据，但是提交了，就没办法了 delete删除的时候，会记录日志 -->删除会很慢很慢

truncate table 表名

     删除所有数据，不会影响表结构，不会记录日志，数据不能恢复 -->删除很快

drop table 表名

     删除所有数据，包括表结构一并删除，不会记录日志，数据不能恢复-->删除很快

5、数据复制

表数据复制

     insert into table1 (select * from table2);

复制表结构

     create table table1 select * from table2 where 1>1;

复制表结构和数据

     create table table1 select * from table2;

复制指定字段

     create table table1 as select id, name from table2 where 1>1;