編譯原理超前

1. 編譯原理課程設計

%{

/* FILENAME: C.Y */

%}
#define YYDEBUG_LEXER_TEXT (yylval) /* our lexer loads this up each time */
#define YYDEBUG 1 /* get the pretty debugging code to compile*/
#define YYSTYPE char * /* interface with flex: should be in header file */
/* Define terminal tokens */
/* keywords */
%token AUTO DOUBLE INT STRUCT
%token BREAK ELSE LONG SWITCH
%token CASE ENUM REGISTER TYPEDEF
%token CHAR EXTERN RETURN UNION
%token CONST FLOAT SHORT UNSIGNED
%token CONTINUE FOR SIGNED VOID
%token DEFAULT GOTO SIZEOF VOLATILE
%token DO IF STATIC WHILE
/* ANSI Grammar suggestions */
%token IDENTIFIER STRINGliteral
%token FLOATINGconstant INTEGERconstant CHARACTERconstant
%token OCTALconstant HEXconstant
/* New Lexical element, whereas ANSI suggested non-terminal */
%token TYPEDEFname /* Lexer will tell the difference between this and
an identifier! An identifier that is CURRENTLY in scope as a
typedef name is provided to the parser as a TYPEDEFname.*/
/* Multi-Character operators */
%token ARROW /* -> */
%token ICR DECR /* ++ -- */
%token LS RS /* << >> */
%token LE GE EQ NE /* <= >= == != */
%token ANDAND OROR /* && || */
%token ELLIPSIS /* ... */
/* modifying assignment operators */
%token MULTassign DIVassign MODassign /* *= /= %= */
%token PLUSassign MINUSassign /* += -= */
%token LSassign RSassign /* <<= >>= */
%token ANDassign ERassign ORassign /* &= ^= |= */
%start translation_unit
%%
/* CONSTANTS */
constant:
INTEGERconstant
| FLOATINGconstant
/* We are not including ENUMERATIONconstant here because we
are treating it like a variable with a type of "enumeration
constant". */
| OCTALconstant
| HEXconstant
| CHARACTERconstant
;

string_literal_list:
STRINGliteral
| string_literal_list STRINGliteral
;
/************************* EXPRESSIONS ********************************/
primary_expression:
IDENTIFIER /* We cannot use a typedef name as a variable */
| constant
| string_literal_list
| '(' comma_expression ')'
;
postfix_expression:
primary_expression
| postfix_expression '[' comma_expression ']'
| postfix_expression '(' ')'
| postfix_expression '(' argument_expression_list ')'
| postfix_expression {} '.' member_name
| postfix_expression {} ARROW member_name
| postfix_expression ICR
| postfix_expression DECR
;
member_name:
IDENTIFIER
| TYPEDEFname
;
argument_expression_list:
assignment_expression
| argument_expression_list ',' assignment_expression
;
unary_expression:
postfix_expression
| ICR unary_expression
| DECR unary_expression
| unary_operator cast_expression
| SIZEOF unary_expression
| SIZEOF '(' type_name ')'
;
unary_operator:
'&'
| '*'
| '+'
| '-'
| '~'
| '!'
;
cast_expression:
unary_expression
| '(' type_name ')' cast_expression
;
multiplicative_expression:
cast_expression
| multiplicative_expression '*' cast_expression
| multiplicative_expression '/' cast_expression
| multiplicative_expression '%' cast_expression
;
additive_expression:
multiplicative_expression
| additive_expression '+' multiplicative_expression
| additive_expression '-' multiplicative_expression
;
shift_expression:
additive_expression
| shift_expression LS additive_expression
| shift_expression RS additive_expression
;
relational_expression:
shift_expression
| relational_expression '<' shift_expression
| relational_expression '>' shift_expression
| relational_expression LE shift_expression
| relational_expression GE shift_expression
;
equality_expression:
relational_expression
| equality_expression EQ relational_expression
| equality_expression NE relational_expression
;
AND_expression:
equality_expression
| AND_expression '&' equality_expression
;
exclusive_OR_expression:
AND_expression
| exclusive_OR_expression '^' AND_expression
;
inclusive_OR_expression:
exclusive_OR_expression
| inclusive_OR_expression '|' exclusive_OR_expression
;
logical_AND_expression:
inclusive_OR_expression
| logical_AND_expression ANDAND inclusive_OR_expression
;
logical_OR_expression:
logical_AND_expression
| logical_OR_expression OROR logical_AND_expression
;
conditional_expression:
logical_OR_expression
| logical_OR_expression '?' comma_expression ':'
conditional_expression
;
assignment_expression:
conditional_expression
| unary_expression assignment_operator assignment_expression
;
assignment_operator:
'='
| MULTassign
| DIVassign
| MODassign
| PLUSassign
| MINUSassign
| LSassign
| RSassign
| ANDassign
| ERassign
| ORassign
;
comma_expression:
assignment_expression
| comma_expression ',' assignment_expression
;
constant_expression:
conditional_expression
;
/* The following was used for clarity */
comma_expression_opt:
/* Nothing */
| comma_expression
;
/******************************* DECLARATIONS *********************************/
/* The following is different from the ANSI C specified grammar.
The changes were made to disambiguate typedef's presence in
declaration_specifiers (vs. in the declarator for redefinition);
to allow struct/union/enum tag declarations without declarators,
and to better reflect the parsing of declarations (declarators
must be combined with declaration_specifiers ASAP so that they
are visible in scope).
Example of typedef use as either a declaration_specifier or a
declarator:
typedef int T;
struct S { T T;}; /* redefinition of T as member name * /
Example of legal and illegal statements detected by this grammar:
int; /* syntax error: vacuous declaration * /
struct S; /* no error: tag is defined or elaborated * /
Example of result of proper declaration binding:
int a=sizeof(a); /* note that "a" is declared with a type in
the name space BEFORE parsing the initializer * /
int b, c[sizeof(b)]; /* Note that the first declarator "b" is
declared with a type BEFORE the second declarator is
parsed * /
*/
declaration:
sue_declaration_specifier ';'
| sue_type_specifier ';'
| declaring_list ';'
| default_declaring_list ';'
;
/* Note that if a typedef were redeclared, then a declaration
specifier must be supplied */
default_declaring_list: /* Can't redeclare typedef names */
declaration_qualifier_list identifier_declarator {} initializer_opt
| type_qualifier_list identifier_declarator {} initializer_opt
| default_declaring_list ',' identifier_declarator {} initializer_opt
;

declaring_list:
declaration_specifier declarator {} initializer_opt
| type_specifier declarator {} initializer_opt
| declaring_list ',' declarator {} initializer_opt
;

declaration_specifier:
basic_declaration_specifier /* Arithmetic or void */
| sue_declaration_specifier /* struct/union/enum */
| typedef_declaration_specifier /* typedef*/
;

type_specifier:
basic_type_specifier /* Arithmetic or void */
| sue_type_specifier /* Struct/Union/Enum */
| typedef_type_specifier /* Typedef */
;

declaration_qualifier_list: /* const/volatile, AND storage class */
storage_class
| type_qualifier_list storage_class
| declaration_qualifier_list declaration_qualifier
;

type_qualifier_list:
type_qualifier
| type_qualifier_list type_qualifier
;

declaration_qualifier:
storage_class
| type_qualifier /* const or volatile */
;

type_qualifier:
CONST
| VOLATILE
;

basic_declaration_specifier: /*Storage Class+Arithmetic or void*/
declaration_qualifier_list basic_type_name
| basic_type_specifier storage_class
| basic_declaration_specifier declaration_qualifier
| basic_declaration_specifier basic_type_name
;

basic_type_specifier:
basic_type_name /* Arithmetic or void */
| type_qualifier_list basic_type_name
| basic_type_specifier type_qualifier
| basic_type_specifier basic_type_name
;

sue_declaration_specifier: /* Storage Class + struct/union/enum */
declaration_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
| sue_type_specifier storage_class
| sue_declaration_specifier declaration_qualifier
;

sue_type_specifier:
elaborated_type_name /* struct/union/enum */
| type_qualifier_list elaborated_type_name
| sue_type_specifier type_qualifier
;

typedef_declaration_specifier: /*Storage Class + typedef types */
typedef_type_specifier storage_class
| declaration_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
| typedef_declaration_specifier declaration_qualifier
;

typedef_type_specifier: /* typedef types */
TYPEDEFname
| type_qualifier_list TYPEDEFname
| typedef_type_specifier type_qualifier
;

storage_class:
TYPEDEF
| EXTERN
| STATIC
| AUTO
| REGISTER
;

basic_type_name:
INT
| CHAR
| SHORT
| LONG
| FLOAT
| DOUBLE
| SIGNED
| UNSIGNED
| VOID
;

elaborated_type_name:
aggregate_name
| enum_name
;

aggregate_name:
aggregate_key '{' member_declaration_list '}'
| aggregate_key identifier_or_typedef_name
'{' member_declaration_list '}'
| aggregate_key identifier_or_typedef_name
;

2. 初學電腦編程需要什麼

初學電腦編程需要學習英語，選擇一門編程語言，要有數學基礎，具體介紹如下：

1、英語基礎

計算機英語與傳統的英語知識不同，需要了解的大部分是計算機的專業單詞或者詞彙，普遍較為簡單。但是在高級編程中，會出現比較生澀的詞彙，對於想要參與計算機語言設計以及在職業發展上有更多追求的同學可以自學一下大學英語。

2、選擇一門編程語言

選擇一門編程語言。雖然目前編程語言有600種左右，但是比較流行的編程語言只有幾十種，所以盡量選擇流行程度比較高的編程語言來入門編程。對於沒有明確編程場景的初學者來說，盡量選擇全場景編程語言，比如Java、Python、C#等就是不錯的選擇

3、數學基礎

當然擁有初中階段的數學基礎也可以成為一名合格的程序員，這也是目前很多計算機編程培訓學校招收初中畢業學生的原因。但想要成為一名優秀的程序員，最少要高中及以上的數學基礎，而且要懂得如何舉一反三，靈活運用。

4、了解計算機操作系統原理

所有的開發或者說軟體應用都是在特定的操作系統上進行的，所以計算機操作系統原理可以說是基礎中的基礎是必須要了解的。

5、數據結構和演算法

這門課程能夠決定一個人程序設計水平的高低，是學習過程中需要重點掌握的。C和C++都是可以選擇的，前期可以先學C，再學C++會相對簡單一些。

在學習編程語言的過程中，也需要同時學習計算機網路、資料庫等相關知識，在當前的雲計算和大數據時代背景下，還需要掌握如何通過雲計算(PaaS)來輔助開發，以及如何利用大數據平台的各種資源。