sumaxis1python
Ⅰ python中的sum為什麼返回的還是數組
Python中的sum函數，無第二參數時，返回的是數值不是數組，數值為參數1中的數組或其它可迭代對象的全加之和。
在下列幾種情況下，sum函數返回數組：（Python 3版本）
使用了第二參數為axis=0，並且參數1是二維對象，則按列相加並返回數組；
使用了第二參數為axis=1，並且參數1是二維對象，則按行相加並返回數組；
導入了Numpy模塊，並使用了Numpy中的sum函數，並且參數1是二維對象，則默認就是axis=0，即按列相加並返回數組；
importnumpyasnp
#python中自帶的sum
sum([[1,2,3],[4,5,5]])#返回數值20
sum([[1,2,3],[4,5,5]],axis=0)#返回數組[578]
sum([[1,2,3],[4,5,5]],axis=1)#返回數組[614]
#Numpy中的sum
a=np.sum([[1,2,3],[4,5,5]])#返回數組[578]
註：NumPy是Python的一種開源的數值計算擴展。
Ⅱ python分析奧巴馬資金來源
奧巴馬的競選資金是一點點從選民那裡募集來的。如獲黨內提名,可得政府拔款，但也沒多飢碼少。美國大選不僅禁外國人捐款,而且禁止公司機構捐款,而只允許個人捐款。不僅如此,還為個人捐款限制了上限,防止富人捐過多的款而影響未來的公旦姿平執政。
不僅富人自己不能多捐，如果某個老闆呼籲自己的員工給某人捐錢或投票支持他爛遲哪，都是犯法的。因此，想要籌到幾千萬競爭資金，唯一的辦法是爭取更多選民支持，一點點募集。所以,中國、公司、大筆捐款，這三條都是犯法的。
我記得以前已經有華人鬧過這種丑聞了。美國的選舉法就是要嚴防少數人企圖用幾個臭錢影響美國的政治。所以我們作為外國人就更別去自討沒趣了。
導入包
In [1]:
import numpy as npimport pandas as pdfrom pandas import Series,DataFrame
方便大家操作，將月份和參選人以及所在政黨進行定義
In [2]:
months = {'JAN' : 1, 'FEB' : 2, 'MAR' : 3, 'APR' : 4, 'MAY' : 5, 'JUN' : 6, 'JUL' : 7, 'AUG' : 8, 'SEP' : 9, 'OCT': 10, 'NOV': 11, 'DEC' : 12}of_interest = ['Obama, Barack', 'Romney, Mitt', 'Santorum, Rick', 'Paul, Ron', 'Gingrich, Newt']parties = { 'Bachmann, Michelle': 'Republican', 'Romney, Mitt': 'Republican', 'Obama, Barack': 'Democrat', "Roemer, Charles E. 'Buddy' III": 'Reform', 'Pawlenty, Timothy': 'Republican', 'Johnson, Gary Earl': 'Libertarian', 'Paul, Ron': 'Republican', 'Santorum, Rick': 'Republican', 'Cain, Herman': 'Republican', 'Gingrich, Newt': 'Republican', 'McCotter, Thaddeus G': 'Republican', 'Huntsman, Jon': 'Republican', 'Perry, Rick': 'Republican' }
讀取文件
In [3]:
table = pd.read_csv('data/usa_election.txt')table.head()
C:\jupyter\lib\site-packages\IPython\core\interactiveshell.py:2785: DtypeWarning: Columns (6) have mixed types. Specify dtype option on import or set low_memory=False. interactivity=interactivity, compiler=compiler, result=result)
Out[3]:
cmte_id cand_id cand_nm contbr_nm contbr_city contbr_st contbr_zip contbr_employer contbr_occupation contb_receipt_amt contb_receipt_dt receipt_desc memo_cd memo_text form_tp file_num
0 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 250.0 20-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166
1 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 50.0 23-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166
2 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle SMITH, LANIER LANETT AL 3.68633e 08 INFORMATION REQUESTED INFORMATION REQUESTED 250.0 05-JUL-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073
3 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle BLEVINS, DARONDA PIGGOTT AR 7.24548e 08 NONE RETIRED 250.0 01-AUG-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073
4 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle WARDENBURG, HAROLD HOT SPRINGS NATION AR 7.19016e 08 NONE RETIRED 300.0 20-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166
In [8]:
#使用map函數 字典，新建一列各個候選人所在黨派partytable['party'] = table['cand_nm'].map(parties)table.head()
Out[8]:
cmte_id cand_id cand_nm contbr_nm contbr_city contbr_st contbr_zip contbr_employer contbr_occupation contb_receipt_amt contb_receipt_dt receipt_desc memo_cd memo_text form_tp file_num party
0 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 250.0 20-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican
1 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 50.0 23-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican
2 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle SMITH, LANIER LANETT AL 3.68633e 08 INFORMATION REQUESTED INFORMATION REQUESTED 250.0 05-JUL-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073 Republican
3 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle BLEVINS, DARONDA PIGGOTT AR 7.24548e 08 NONE RETIRED 250.0 01-AUG-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073 Republican
4 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle WARDENBURG, HAROLD HOT SPRINGS NATION AR 7.19016e 08 NONE RETIRED 300.0 20-JUN-11 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican
In [10]:
#party這一列中有哪些元素table['party'].unique()
Out[10]:
array(['Republican', 'Democrat', 'Reform', 'Libertarian'], dtype=object)
In [ ]:
#使用value_counts()函數，統計party列中各個元素出現次數，value_counts()是Series中的，無參，返回一個帶有每個元素出現次數的Series
In [11]:
table['party'].value_counts()
Out[11]:
Democrat 292400Republican 237575Reform 5364Libertarian 702Name: party, dtype: int64
In [12]:
#使用groupby()函數，查看各個黨派收到的政治獻金總數contb_receipt_amttable.groupby(by='party')['contb_receipt_amt'].sum()
Out[12]:
partyDemocrat 8.105758e 07Libertarian 4.132769e 05Reform 3.390338e 05Republican 1.192255e 08Name: contb_receipt_amt, dtype: float64
In [13]:
#查看具體每天各個黨派收到的政治獻金總數contb_receipt_amt 。使用groupby([多個分組參數])table.groupby(by=['party','contb_receipt_dt'])['contb_receipt_amt'].sum()
Out[13]:
party contb_receipt_dtDemocrat 01-AUG-11 175281.00 01-DEC-11 651532.82 01-JAN-12 58098.80 01-JUL-11 165961.00 01-JUN-11 145459.00 01-MAY-11 82644.00 01-NOV-11 122529.87 01-OCT-11 148977.00 01-SEP-11 403297.62 02-AUG-11 164510.11 02-DEC-11 216056.96 02-JAN-12 89743.60 02-JUL-11 17105.00 02-JUN-11 422453.00 02-MAY-11 396675.00 02-NOV-11 147183.81 02-OCT-11 62605.62 02-SEP-11 137948.41 03-AUG-11 147053.02 03-DEC-11 81304.02 03-JAN-12 87406.97 03-JUL-11 5982.00 03-JUN-11 320176.20 03-MAY-11 261819.11 03-NOV-11 119304.56 03-OCT-11 363061.02 03-SEP-11 45598.00 04-APR-11 640235.12 04-AUG-11 598784.23 04-DEC-11 72795.10 ... Republican 29-AUG-11 941769.23 29-DEC-11 428501.42 29-JAN-11 750.00 29-JAN-12 75220.02 29-JUL-11 233423.35 29-JUN-11 1340704.29 29-MAR-11 38875.00 29-MAY-11 8363.20 29-NOV-11 407322.64 29-OCT-11 81924.01 29-SEP-11 1612794.52 30-APR-11 43004.80 30-AUG-11 915548.58 30-DEC-11 492470.45 30-JAN-12 255204.80 30-JUL-11 12249.04 30-JUN-11 2744932.63 30-MAR-11 50240.00 30-MAY-11 17803.60 30-NOV-11 809014.83 30-OCT-11 43913.16 30-SEP-11 4886331.76 31-AUG-11 1017735.02 31-DEC-11 1094376.72 31-JAN-11 6000.00 31-JAN-12 869890.41 31-JUL-11 12781.02 31-MAR-11 62475.00 31-MAY-11 301339.80 31-OCT-11 734601.83Name: contb_receipt_amt, Length: 1183, dtype: float64
In [14]:
def trasform_date(d): day,month,year = d.split('-') month = months[month] return "20" year '-' str(month) '-' day
In [17]:
#將表中日期格式轉換為'yyyy-mm-dd'。日期格式,通過函數加map方式進行轉換table['contb_receipt_dt'] = table['contb_receipt_dt'].apply(trasform_date)
In [18]:
table.head()
Out[18]:
cmte_id cand_id cand_nm contbr_nm contbr_city contbr_st contbr_zip contbr_employer contbr_occupation contb_receipt_amt contb_receipt_dt receipt_desc memo_cd memo_text form_tp file_num party
0 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 250.0 2011-6-20 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican
1 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle HARVEY, WILLIAM MOBILE AL 3.6601e 08 RETIRED RETIRED 50.0 2011-6-23 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican
2 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle SMITH, LANIER LANETT AL 3.68633e 08 INFORMATION REQUESTED INFORMATION REQUESTED 250.0 2011-7-05 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073 Republican
3 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle BLEVINS, DARONDA PIGGOTT AR 7.24548e 08 NONE RETIRED 250.0 2011-8-01 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 749073 Republican
4 C00410118 P20002978 Bachmann, Michelle WARDENBURG, HAROLD HOT SPRINGS NATION AR 7.19016e 08 NONE RETIRED 300.0 2011-6-20 NaN NaN NaN SA17A 736166 Republican
In [19]:
#查看老兵(捐獻者職業)DISABLED VETERAN主要支持誰 ：查看老兵們捐贈給誰的錢最多table['contbr_occupation'] == 'DISABLED VETERAN'
Out[19]:
0 False1 False2 False3 False4 False5 False6 False7 False8 False9 False10 False11 False12 False13 False14 False15 False16 False17 False18 False19 False20 False21 False22 False23 False24 False25 False26 False27 False28 False29 False ... 536011 False536012 False536013 False536014 False536015 False536016 False536017 False536018 False536019 False536020 False536021 False536022 False536023 False536024 False536025 False536026 False536027 False536028 False536029 False536030 False536031 False536032 False536033 False536034 False536035 False536036 False536037 False536038 False536039 False536040 FalseName: contbr_occupation, Length: 536041, dtype: bool
In [21]:
old_bing_df = table.loc[table['contbr_occupation'] == 'DISABLED VETERAN']
In [22]:
old_bing_df.groupby(by='cand_nm')['contb_receipt_amt'].sum()
Out[22]:
cand_nmCain, Herman 300.00Obama, Barack 4205.00Paul, Ron 2425.49Santorum, Rick 250.00Name: contb_receipt_amt, dtype: float64
In [23]:
table['contb_receipt_amt'].max()
Out[23]:
1944042.43
In [24]:
#找出候選人的捐贈者中，捐贈金額最大的人的職業以及捐獻額 .通過query("查詢條件來查找捐獻人職業")table.query('contb_receipt_amt == 1944042.43')
Out[24]:
cmte_id cand_id cand_nm contbr_nm contbr_city contbr_st contbr_zip contbr_employer contbr_occupation contb_receipt_amt contb_receipt_dt receipt_desc memo_cd memo_text form_tp file_num party
176127 C00431445 P80003338 Obama, Barack OBAMA VICTORY FUND 2012 - UNITEMIZED CHICAGO IL 60680 NaN NaN 1944042.43 2011-12-31 NaN X * SA18 763233 Democrat
來源：https://www.icode9.com/content-1-497751.html
Ⅲ python數組求和
在數組和矩陣中使用sum: 對數組b和矩陣c,代碼b.sum()，np.sum(b),c.sum(),np.sum(c)都能將b、c中的所有元素求和並返回單個數值。
但是對於二維數組b，代碼b.sum(axis=0)指定對數組b對每列求和，b.sum(axis=1)是對每行求和，返回的都是一維數組（維度降了一維）。
而對應矩陣c，c.sum(axis=0)和c.sum(axis=1)也能實現對列和行的求和，但是返回結果仍是二維矩陣。
# 定義函數，arr 為數組，n 為數組長度，可作為備用參數，這里沒有用到。
def_sum(arr,n):
# 使用內置的 sum 函數計算。
return(sum(arr))
# 調用函數
arr=[]
# 數組元素
arr=[12,3,4,15]
# 計算數組元素的長度
n=len(arr)
ans=_sum(arr,n)
# 輸出結果
print('數組元素之和為',ans)
(3)sumaxis1python擴展閱讀：
python數組使用：
python 數組支持所有list操作，包括 .pop、.insert 和 .extend。另外，數組還提供從文件，讀取和存入文件的更快的方法，列如如 .frombytes 和 .tofile，如下所示我們定義一個數組。
from array import arrayarr=array('d',(a for a in range(5)))print(arr)。
arr=array('d',(a for a in range(5)))從這個代碼中可以看出，一個數組的定義需要傳入的不只是值還有類型。
可以是(must be c, b, B, u, h, H, i, I, l, L, f or d)。
Ⅳ Python怎麼生成三維數
給個例子看看